Spinach

• RawLeafInternalTraditional use

  Young spinach leaves eaten raw in salad — rich in vitamin C, folate and lutein; iron and calcium bioavailability limited by oxalates.

  Preparation & dosage

  RAW SALAD: Young, tender spinach leaves (harvested before flowering) washed thoroughly and used as a salad base or addition. Raw spinach retains more vitamin C than cooked, but iron and calcium bioavailability is considerably reduced due to the high oxalate content — oxalates bind minerals in the gut. Safe for people without kidney problems. A dressing with lemon juice or vinegar increases vitamin C intake and can marginally improve iron absorption.

  Sources: [1] [5] [6]

• RawLeafInternalTraditional use

  Steamed spinach as a classic leaf vegetable — blanching reduces oxalates; never reheat repeatedly (nitrite formation risk).

  Preparation & dosage

  STEAMED LEAF VEGETABLE: Briefly steam spinach in a little water or butter over medium heat (2–4 minutes) and serve immediately. Blanching in boiling water (1–2 min) and discarding cooking water reduces oxalate content by approx. 30–50 %, somewhat improving calcium and iron bioavailability, but causes losses in heat-sensitive vitamins (vitamin C, folate). Pairing with a vitamin C source (lemon) can enhance non-haem iron absorption. IMPORTANT: Do not reheat spinach multiple times — reheating can convert nitrates to nitrites.

  Sources: [1] [2] [5]

• RawLeafInternalFolk medicine

  Spinach in smoothies — a modern folk practice for easy nutrient intake; flavour masked by fruit.

  Preparation & dosage

  SMOOTHIE / GREEN JUICE: A handful of fresh spinach leaves (approx. 30–50 g) blended with fruits (banana, apple, berries) and liquid (water, oat milk). The flavour is largely masked by the fruit. A common modern folk practice for easy intake of folate, lutein, zeaxanthin and vitamin K. No traditional or evidence-based indication — purely a nutritional application.

  Sources: [1] [7]

• RawLeafInternalFolk medicine

  Iron source — spinach contains iron, but bioavailability is severely limited by oxalates; the 'Popeye myth' greatly exaggerates its significance.

  Preparation & dosage

  IRON SOURCE — MYTH AND REALITY: The folk belief that spinach is an exceptional iron source (the 'Popeye myth') is only partially accurate. Spinach contains approx. 2.7 mg iron per 100 g fresh weight — respectable for a vegetable. However, it is exclusively non-haem iron, with an absorption rate of only 1–7 % depending on the meal, compared to 15–35 % for haem iron from meat. Spinach's high oxalic acid content (approx. 700–900 mg/100 g) forms poorly soluble iron oxalates, further inhibiting uptake. The historical myth likely originates from a decimal error in a German study from 1870 that led to a tenfold overestimation of the iron content. Spinach is a valuable food — but not an exceptional iron source.

  Sources: [1] [5] [6]

• RawLeafInternalFolk medicine

  Folate source — spinach is one of the best plant folate sources; especially relevant in pregnancy (neural tube defect prevention), though heat-sensitive.

  Preparation & dosage

  FOLATE SOURCE: Spinach is one of the best dietary sources of folate (vitamin B9) with approx. 194 µg per 100 g fresh weight (approx. 49 % of the daily reference value). Folate is essential for cell division and DNA synthesis, particularly important in early pregnancy for neural tube defect prevention. Pregnant women and those planning pregnancy should additionally supplement, as dietary folate alone is often insufficient and absorption variability is high. Folate is heat-sensitive — blanching reduces content by 30–50 %.

  Sources: [1] [5]

• RawLeafInternalClinical trial

  Lutein and zeaxanthin source for eye health support — clinically substantiated (AREDS2) for reduced AMD risk; fat substantially improves bioavailability.

  Preparation & dosage

  LUTEIN AND ZEAXANTHIN (EYE HEALTH): Spinach contains approx. 12 mg lutein + zeaxanthin per 100 g fresh weight — one of the richest sources of these xanthophyll carotenoids. Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the macular pigment of the eye, filtering high-energy blue light. Multiple clinical studies and meta-analyses show that regular intake (approx. 6 mg/day lutein) significantly reduces the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (AREDS2 study). IMPORTANT for bioavailability: lutein is fat-soluble — always combine spinach with a fat source (oil, butter, nuts) as fat increases carotenoid absorption 4–6-fold. Cooking increases lutein bioavailability from spinach.

  Sources: [1] [3] [4]

• RawLeafInternalTraditional use

  Vitamin K source (approx. 400 % daily value per 100 g) — for coagulation and bone health; consistent, not avoided intake for those on vitamin K antagonists.

  Preparation & dosage

  VITAMIN K SOURCE: Spinach is exceptionally rich in vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) at approx. 483 µg per 100 g fresh weight — roughly 400 % of the daily reference value. Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and bone health. For healthy people without anticoagulant therapy, the high vitamin K content is nutritionally desirable. For those taking vitamin K antagonists (warfarin, phenprocoumon), consistent — not avoided — intake is key: sudden large amounts of spinach can destabilise INR values. Planned, regular amounts are well compatible with anticoagulant dosing.

  Sources: [1] [5]

Spinach is safe for healthy adults and children from 1 year (cooked). OXALIC ACID: Spinach contains approx. 700–900 mg oxalic acid per 100 g and is among the high-oxalate foods. Limit intake and drink plenty of fluid if prone to calcium-oxalate kidney stones. Oxalates bind calcium and non-haem iron in the gut, significantly reducing absorption of both minerals — spinach is therefore not a reliable calcium or iron source unless paired with absorption-enhancing factors. VITAMIN K: Very high content — when taking vitamin K antagonists (warfarin, phenprocoumon, acenocoumarol) keep consumption consistent and discuss with your physician. NITRATE / INFANTS: Spinach is naturally high in nitrate (250–1000 mg/kg depending on cultivation). Infants under 6–12 months should not receive spinach as their digestive system converts nitrate to nitrite more efficiently, which can cause methaemoglobinaemia ('blue baby syndrome'). REHEATING: Never reheat spinach multiple times — repeated heating, especially if kept warm, promotes nitrite formation through bacterial activity.