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Blond psyllium
Indischer Flohsamen · (Plantago ovata)
Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)
Description
With ispaghula, or blond psyllium, it is the least conspicuous part that matters. The annual plant stays low: a ground-level rosette of narrow, strap-like leaves and flower stalks only 2 to 10 centimetres tall bearing dense, egg-shaped spikes. It is native to the dry regions of North Africa and southwestern Asia — from the Canaries across the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula to Afghanistan, Pakistan and India — and is cultivated mainly in India and Pakistan. Medicinally it is the small, boat-shaped seeds and above all their husk that are used. The husk is roughly 85 percent arabinoxylan-based mucilage, which swells strongly in water and binds many times its own volume of liquid. The EMA lists its use for constipation, for conditions where a soft stool is wanted, and as a fibre supplement in irritable bowel syndrome as well established. The liquid is decisive: at least 150 millilitres per single dose, or the swelling material can lodge in the digestive tract.
Main use with EMA-recognised 'well-established use' evidence: the psyllium husks swell in the gut, increase stool volume and water content, and thereby exert a gentle, stretch-mediated stimulus on intestinal peristalsis. Used for chronic (habitual) constipation. Taking it with plenty of fluid is essential.
Preparation & dosage
Adults and children from 12 years: usually 7-11 g of psyllium husk daily, divided into several single doses. Stir each single dose (about 3-5 g) into a full glass (at least 150 ml) of cold water, drink promptly and follow with plenty of additional fluid - at least 30 ml of water per gram of husk. Do NOT take immediately before going to bed. Onset of action is usually after 12-24 hours, with full effect only after 2-3 days. Keep at least half an hour to one hour between intake and the intake of other medicines.
- Dry amount
- 7–11 g
- Doses per day
- 3×
⚠ Age restriction: ≥ 12 years — Standard use for adults and adolescents from 12 years. For younger children only after medical advice.
Recognised by the EMA as 'well-established use': for conditions in which easier bowel emptying with a soft stool is desired - for example anal fissures, haemorrhoids or after anorectal procedures. The swelling husks keep the stool soft and bulky, reducing straining.
Preparation & dosage
Dose as for the constipation use (about 7-11 g daily, with plenty of fluid). The aim here is a soft, easily passed stool to reduce pain on defecation, for example with anal fissures, haemorrhoids or after anorectal surgery.
- Dry amount
- 7–11 g
- Doses per day
- 3×
⚠ Age restriction: ≥ 12 years — For adults and adolescents from 12 years; in younger children only after medical advice.
The EMA monograph on the seed husk lists use as a fibre supplement - including in irritable bowel syndrome - under 'well-established use' (from 12 years). The soluble mucilage regulates stool consistency and can favourably influence both the constipation and the diarrhoea components of irritable bowel syndrome.
Preparation & dosage
As a soluble fibre source, e.g. supportively in irritable bowel syndrome: gradually titrate the dose (often 4-10 g daily, divided), stir each portion into at least 150 ml of fluid and follow with plenty of water. Use in irritable bowel syndrome only after a confirmed medical diagnosis.
- Dry amount
- 4–10 g
- Doses per day
- 2×
⚠ Age restriction: ≥ 12 years — For adults and adolescents from 12 years.
The EMA monograph on the seed husk names supportive use in raised cholesterol (hypercholesterolaemia) as 'well-established use' (from 12 years, under medical supervision). The soluble mucilage binds bile acids in the gut and can thereby favourably influence the LDL cholesterol level.
Preparation & dosage
As a supportive dietary measure for raised cholesterol, only under medical supervision: usually several grams of psyllium husk daily (often in the 7-11 g range, divided), each in plenty of fluid. Does not replace a doctor-prescribed cholesterol-lowering therapy.
- Dry amount
- 7–11 g
- Doses per day
- 3×
⚠ Age restriction: ≥ 12 years — For adults and adolescents from 12 years, under medical supervision.
Because of their high water-binding capacity, psyllium husks are also traditionally used to thicken stool in mild diarrhoea - then deliberately with less fluid. This 'two-way' (regulating in both constipation and diarrhoea) use rests on the swelling and water-binding action of the mucilage.
Preparation & dosage
For mild, non-specific diarrhoea the husks are traditionally taken with only a little fluid (just enough to let them swell) so that they bind excess water in the gut and thicken the stool. Seek medical advice if diarrhoea persists beyond two days.
- Dry amount
- 3–5 g
- Doses per day
- 2×
ALWAYS take psyllium husk with plenty of fluid (at least 150 ml per single dose, at least 30 ml of water per gram of husk) - with too little fluid there is a risk of swelling in the oesophagus or gut with danger of choking or bowel obstruction. Do NOT take immediately before going to bed. Do not use with a sudden, unexplained change in bowel habit lasting more than two weeks, with abdominal pain of unclear cause, or with bowel obstruction or threatened obstruction. Keep at least half an hour between psyllium and other medicines, as their absorption can be delayed. In diabetes the delayed sugar absorption may make an insulin dose adjustment necessary - monitor medically.
As a purely mechanical (non-absorbed) bulk-forming agent, use in pregnancy with adequate fluid intake is generally considered safe and is a commonly chosen remedy for constipation in pregnancy. If in doubt, clarify with a doctor.
The bulk-forming agent is not absorbed into the body and does not pass into breast milk; use during breastfeeding is considered safe with adequate fluid intake.
Standard use from 12 years. In younger children only after medical advice, because the choking/obstruction risk with insufficient fluid intake must be particularly considered.
Drug interactions
orale Arzneimittel allgemein
The mucilage can delay or reduce the absorption of medicines taken at the same time; keep at least half an hour to one hour interval.
Antidiabetika / Insulin
The delayed carbohydrate absorption can lower blood sugar; in insulin-dependent diabetes an insulin dose adjustment may become necessary.
Schilddrüsenhormone (Levothyroxin)
The absorption of thyroid hormones can be reduced by simultaneous intake; keep a time interval.
Lithium
The absorption of lithium can be reduced, which may affect the lithium level; monitor levels and keep an interval.
Contraindications
- Bowel obstruction (ileus) or threatened obstruction.
- Narrowing of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal stenosis).
- Faecal impaction / impacted stool.
- Difficulty swallowing or conditions that impair swallowing.
- Sudden, unexplained change in bowel habit lasting more than two weeks or unexplained rectal bleeding.
Harvested part: Ripe seeds and their seed husk (testa) after fruit ripening
- Time of day:
- On dry days when the spikes are ripe and brownish.
- Drying:
- Let ripe spikes dry further, then thresh out the seeds; the seed husk (testa) is separated from the seeds industrially by milling and sieving.
- Storage:
- 36 months — Dry, cool and dark in tightly sealed containers; the dried husks keep for a long time but must stay dry.
- Arabinoxylan-Schleimstoffe (Testa)MucilageContent: bis ~85 %Seed
Marker constituent of the seed husk: a high-molecular, water-soluble arabinoxylan mucilage (mainly D-xylose and L-arabinose) that swells strongly and increases stool volume. Makes up the bulk of the fibre in the testa.
- Lösliche Ballaststoffe (gesamt, Testa)PolysaccharideContent: ~85 %Seed
The husk consists of about 85 % water-soluble fibre; the active polysaccharide fraction comprises roughly 65 % D-xylose, 20 % L-arabinose, 6 % rhamnose and 9 % D-galacturonic acid.
- Fettes ÖlOtherContent: ~2-7 %Seed
Fixed oil in the seed kernel containing unsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and oleic acid).
- ProteinOtherContent: ~15-20 % (Samen)Seed
Storage protein of the seed kernel.
- Phytosterole (u. a. Sitosterol, Campesterol)OtherSeed
Plant sterols of the fixed oil that may contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effect.
- Iridoidglykoside (u. a. Aucubin)GlycosideSeed
Iridoid glycosides typical of the genus Plantago, present in small amounts.
- [1]MonographEuropean Medicines Agency (HMPC) - Plantaginis ovatae seminis tegumentum (ispaghula husk), herbal medicinal product, well-established use(accessed: 2026-06-12)
- [2]MonographEuropean Medicines Agency (HMPC) - Plantaginis ovatae semen (ispaghula seed), herbal medicinal product, well-established use(accessed: 2026-06-12)
- [3]MonographEMA/HMPC/199775/2012 - Assessment report on Plantago ovata Forssk., seminis tegumentum (14 May 2013)(accessed: 2026-06-12)
- [8]MonographCliniTox Giftpflanzen — Plantago ovata Forssk.: schwach giftig (+) (Institut für Veterinärpharmakologie und -toxikologie, Universität Zürich)(accessed: 2026-08-10)
- [4]WikipediaIndischer Flohsamen - Wikipedia (Deutsch)(accessed: 2026-06-12)
- [5]WikipediaPlantago ovata - Wikipedia (English)(accessed: 2026-06-12)
- [7]CommonsDesert indianwheat (Plantago Ovata) - Wikimedia Commons (Joshua Tree National Park, public domain)(accessed: 2026-06-12)
- [6]WikidataPlantago ovata (Q311228) - Wikidata(accessed: 2026-06-12)
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